Alemania (República Federal)

"Alemania Occidental o Alemania del Oeste (en alemán: Westdeutschland, también escrito West-Deutschland) fue el nombre extraoficial con el cual fue conocida la República Federal de Alemania (RFA) desde su fundación, el 23 de mayo de 1949, hasta la reunificación alemana en octubre 1990. En los inicios de la Guerra Fría, la Alemania Occidental mantuvo una política de "una sola Alemania" a través de la Doctrina Hallstein, por la cual no reconocía la existencia de la República Democrática de Alemania (RDA) como estado independiente, ni tampoco a aquellos estados que reconocieran a la RDA (con excepción de la Unión Soviética). Fue a partir de 1969, con la nueva "Ostpolitik" enunciada por el canciller Willy Brandt, cuando la RFA abadonó esta posición y se produjo un reconocimiento mutuo de los dos estados alemanes. Esta situación de coexistencia de los dos países continuó hasta la caída del Muro de Berlín en noviembre de 1989. Un año más tarde se produjo la reunificación alemana. Paradójicamente, a pesar de hablarse de una "reunificación", lo cierto es que cuando este proceso tuvo lugar fue el estado germano-oriental el que desapareció y sus antiguos territorios pasaron a formar parte de la antigua Alemania Occidental, que mantuvo su organización jurídico-política y es ésta la que ha prevalecido hasta la actualidad. El único cambio notable fue el traslado de la capital federal desde Bonn hasta el reunificado Berlín. A partir de 1990 y hasta la actualidad, el país es más conocido por el nombre de "Alemania" que por su nombre oficial. Durante la época de la Guerra fría también se solía considerar a Berlín Occidental como parte de la RFA, pero políticamente estaba sometido a los acuerdos de Potsdam sobre partición y gobierno de los Aliados sobre Berlín, por lo que este territorio tenía un estatus especial. Para distinguirla de su contraparte oriental, fue llamada Alemania Federal, nombre que también utilizaba en los Mundiales de Fútbol, la Eurocopa y los Juegos Olímpicos."

"West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland or BRD; French: République fédérale d'Allemagne or RFD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border. After 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states, became known simply as "Germany". This period is also referred to as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France (the "Western Zones"). Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990. The city of Bonn was its de facto capital city (Berlin was symbolically named the de jure capital city in the West German Basic Law). The fourth Allied occupation zone (the East Zone, or Ostzone) was held by the Soviet Union. The parts of this zone lying east of the Oder-Neisse were in fact annexed by the Soviet Union and communist Poland; the remaining central part around Berlin became the communist German Democratic Republic (abbreviated GDR; in German Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR) with its de facto capital in East Berlin. As a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Germany (and, indeed, Europe) was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs. Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, considering itself to be the democratically reorganised continuation of the 18711945 German Reich. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state. Though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state. From the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957. In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. While legally not part of the Federal Republic of Germany, as Berlin was under the control of the Allied Control Council, West Berlin aligned itself politically with West Germany and was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions. Relations with the Soviet bloc improved during the era of "Neue Ostpolitik" around 1970, and West Germany began taking the line of "two German states within one German nation", but formally maintained the exclusive mandate. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country. The Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) of the 1950s when West Germany rose from the enormous destruction wrought by World War II to become the world's third largest economy. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for a full alignment with the West rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union. When the G6/G8 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, there was a rapid move towards German reunification. East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states (Länder) were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin, which ended its special status and formed an additional Land. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union."